Synthesis of Elements and Solid Structures in Atomic-Nuclear Reactions in Dense Gases and Dense Gas–Metal Systems as a Result of Gamma Quanta Irradiation

T. Wilczyńskaa, G. Mishinskyb, R. Wiśniewskia, c, d aNational Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock-Świerk, Poland bJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia cWarsaw University of Technology, Physics Faculty, Warsaw, Poland dInstitute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Warsaw, Poland

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New effects observed in irradiated dense gas-metal systems (e.g. D2-Pd) and the effects of irradiation of pure dense gases (H2, D2, He, Xe) 10 MeV) are presented in this paper. The gas-metal systems were irradiated by braking gamma quanta with threshold energy slightly below 10 MeV and energy of about 25 MeV (giant dipole nuclear resonance). In all considered cases, the time of irradiation was of the order of 105 s. The intensity of gamma quanta flux of about 1014/s, (generated by electron current of about 20 μA in used accelerators), was also large. Experimental procedures were realized as follows: gas in room temperature was compressed to high pressure (1-3 kbar) in a beryllium bronze pressure chamber or in stainless steel high pressure capillary with chosen metal samples inside or without any samples. Then, the systems were irradiated. In all cases, new objects appeared which contained - in relatively large amounts - such light elements as C and O, and heavy ones, such as Pb, Bi, Pa, that were absent before irradiation. At giant dipole nuclear resonance with Pd, V, and other metals, such unexpected phenomena were also observed as shape changes, ``micro-protuberances'', micro objects of specific element contents and cracks of specimen surfaces. The mechanism of the observed effects (i.e., the fission-fusion nuclear reactions initiated by gamma irradiation) remains an open problem. A possible solution, basing on the ``trans-nuclear molecule-multinuclear reaction'' concept in the case of carbon-rich objects obtained due to gamma irradiation of the pure dense gaseous helium, is shortly described.

DOI:10.12693/APhysPolA.139.438 topics: γ irradiation, high pressure, D2, He, Xe